Rif Yoma 6a {Yoma 85b continues; 87a-b}

HIDE/SHOW IMAGE
6a

{Yoma 85b continues}
Just as a mikveh cleanses {/purifies} the impure, so does Hashem cleanse Israel.

{Yoma 87a}
Gemara:
Rabbi Yitzchak said: He who has provoked his neighbor, even by words, must appease him, as it is written {Mishlei 6:1-3}:

א בְּנִי, אִם-עָרַבְתָּ לְרֵעֶךָ; תָּקַעְתָּ לַזָּר כַּפֶּיךָ.	1 My son, if thou art become surety for thy neighbour, if thou hast struck thy hands for a stranger--
ב נוֹקַשְׁתָּ בְאִמְרֵי-פִיךָ; נִלְכַּדְתָּ, בְּאִמְרֵי-פִיךָ.	2 Thou art snared by the words of thy mouth, thou art caught by the words of thy mouth--
ג עֲשֵׂה זֹאת אֵפוֹא בְּנִי, וְהִנָּצֵל-- כִּי בָאתָ בְכַף-רֵעֶךָ; לֵךְ הִתְרַפֵּס, וּרְהַב רֵעֶיךָ.	3 Do this now, my son, and deliver thyself, seeing thou art come into the hand of thy neighbour; {N} go, humble thyself, and urge thy neighbour.

if you have his money in your hand, open your palm and restore it to him; if not, increase upon him friends {=request some persons to pray him to forgive you}.

Rav Yehuda {our gemara: Rav Chisda} said: He must try to appease him three times, and among three circles of persons, as it is written {Iyyov 33:27}:

כז יָשֹׁר, עַל-אֲנָשִׁים, וַיֹּאמֶר, חָטָאתִי וְיָשָׁר הֶעֱוֵיתִי; וְלֹא-שָׁוָה לִי.

27 He cometh before men, and saith: 'I have sinned, and perverted that which was right, and it profited me not.'

And if he dies -- Rabbi Yossi bar Chanina said: he should bring ten persons and stand them by his grave and say: I have sinned against Hashem the God of Israel and to this person Ploni whom I have injured.

Rabbi Yossi bar Chanina said: When one tries to appease another, he need not try more than three times, as it is written {Bereishit 50:17}:

יז כֹּה-תֹאמְרוּ לְיוֹסֵף, אָנָּא שָׂא נָא פֶּשַׁע אַחֶיךָ וְחַטָּאתָם כִּי-רָעָה גְמָלוּךָ, וְעַתָּה שָׂא נָא, לְפֶשַׁע עַבְדֵי אֱלֹהֵי אָבִיךָ; וַיֵּבְךְּ יוֹסֵף, בְּדַבְּרָם אֵלָיו.

17 So shall ye say unto Joseph: Forgive, I pray thee now, the transgression of thy brethren, and their sin, for that they did unto thee evil. And now, we pray thee, forgive the transgression of the servants of the God of thy father.' And Joseph wept when they spoke unto him.

{with na occurring three times}
And this is specifically his friend, but his teacher, until he appeases him.

Twenty-four things hold back repentance, and these are they: rechilut {=talebearing}, lashon hara, one who is full of anger, one who has evil plans, one who befriends an evildoer, one who is accustomed to join a mean that is insufficient for its hosts, one who looks at sexual things, one who divides with a thief, one who says I will sin and return, one who seeks honor in the disgrace of his friend, one who separates from the community, one who denigrates his parents, one who denigrates his teachers, one who curses the public, one who holds back the community from fulfilling a precept, one who sways his friend from the good path to the evil path, one who makes use of the pledge of a pauper, one who accepts a bribe for the purpose of swaying others in judgement, one who finds a lost item and does not return it to its owner, one who sees his son going to a bad end and does not protest, one who eats from the theft from the poor, orphans, and widows, one who disagrees with the words of the Sages, one who suspects the righteous {choshed bekesherim}, one who hates rebuke, and one who mocks the precepts.

{Yoma 87b}
The Sages learnt {in a brayta}: The mitzvah of confession {viduy} on erev Yom Kippur is as it becomes dark. These are the words of Rabbi Meir. And the Sages say: He must confess before he eats and drinks, lest something happen to him at his meal {and he gets no chance to confess}. And although he confessed before he ate and drank, he needs to confess after he eats and drinks. And although he confessed at Maariv, he needs to confess in Shacharit, and confess during Musaf, Mincha, and Neilah. And where should he say it? An individual, after his prayer {=shemoneh esrei} and the shilach tzibbur {agent of the community} in the middle.

And what should he say?
Rav said: Ata Yodea Razei Olam {You know the mysteries of the world}
And Shmuel said: Ata Yodea BeImko shel Lev {You know the depths of the heart}

(Rabbi) Levi said: In your Torah it is written {Vayikra 16:30}:

ל כִּי-בַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם, לְטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם: מִכֹּל, חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם, לִפְנֵי ה, תִּטְהָרוּ.

30 For on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you; from all your sins shall ye be clean before the LORD.

Rabbi Yochanan said: Ribbon HaOlamin {Master of the Universe}
Rav Yehuda said: For our transgressions are too numerous to count and our sins are too mighty to recount.
Rav Hamnuna said: {Elokai ad shelo notzarti=} My God, before I was created, I was unworthy, and now that I have been created, it as if I was not created. I am dust in my life - all the more so in my death. Behold I am before You like a vessel filled with embarrassment and shame. May it be the will before You that I should not sin further, etc...

Rav Hamdodi {our gemara: Mar Zutra} said: They only learned this in the instance in which he did not say Aval Chatanu {"But we have sinned..."} but if he said aval chatanu, it is not necessary.

And Rav {our gemara: bar} Hamdodi said: I was standing before Mar Shmuel and he was sitting. When the shliach tzibur reached Aval chatanu, he stood on his legs.
I said: We may derive from here that the primary confession is this {=aval chatanu}.

The Sages learnt {in a brayta}: How should he confess? aviti, pashati, chatati {whatever these specific terms for sin mean, based on the order it occurs in Tanach.}
And so too for the scapegoat sent out {to Azazel} it says {Vayikra 16:21}:

כא וְסָמַךְ אַהֲרֹן אֶת-שְׁתֵּי יָדָו, עַל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר הַחַי, וְהִתְוַדָּה עָלָיו אֶת-כָּל-עֲו‍ֹנֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְאֶת-כָּל-פִּשְׁעֵיהֶם לְכָל-חַטֹּאתָם; וְנָתַן אֹתָם עַל-רֹאשׁ הַשָּׂעִיר, וְשִׁלַּח בְּיַד-אִישׁ עִתִּי הַמִּדְבָּרָה.

21 And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions, even all their sins; and he shall put them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of an appointed man into the wilderness.

and so too by Moshe is says {Bemidbar 14:18}:

יח ה, אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם וְרַב-חֶסֶד, נֹשֵׂא עָו‍ֹן, וָפָשַׁע; וְנַקֵּה, לֹא יְנַקֶּה--פֹּקֵד עֲו‍ֹן אָבוֹת עַל-בָּנִים, עַל-שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל-רִבֵּעִים.

18 The LORD is slow to anger, and plenteous in lovingkindness, forgiving iniquity and transgression, and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, upon the third and upon the fourth generation.

{but while our girsa has the word chataah rather than vanakei, it is not in the pasuk, and this specific order of avon, pesha, chataah is what is being sought here. As Bach points out, the verse intended is likely Shemot 34:7

ז נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לָאֲלָפִים, נֹשֵׂא עָו‍ֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה; וְנַקֵּה, לֹא יְנַקֶּה--פֹּקֵד עֲו‍ֹן אָבוֹת עַל-בָּנִים וְעַל-בְּנֵי בָנִים, עַל-שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל-רִבֵּעִים.

7 keeping mercy unto the thousandth generation, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, unto the third and unto the fourth generation.'

}

These are the words of Rabbi Meir.
And the Sages say: avonot -- these are the deliberate sins. And so it states {Bemidbar 15:31}:

לא כִּי דְבַר-ה בָּזָה, וְאֶת-מִצְוָתוֹ הֵפַר; הִכָּרֵת תִּכָּרֵת הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא, עֲו‍ֹנָה בָהּ. {פ}

31 Because he hath despised the word of the LORD, and hath broken His commandment; that soul shall utterly be cut off, his iniquity shall be upon him.

pesha'im -- these are the rebellions. And so it states {II Kings 3:7}

ז וַיֵּלֶךְ וַיִּשְׁלַח אֶל-יְהוֹשָׁפָט מֶלֶךְ-יְהוּדָה לֵאמֹר, מֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב פָּשַׁע בִּי--הֲתֵלֵךְ אִתִּי אֶל-מוֹאָב, לַמִּלְחָמָה; וַיֹּאמֶר אֶעֱלֶה, כָּמוֹנִי כָמוֹךָ כְּעַמִּי כְעַמֶּךָ כְּסוּסַי כְּסוּסֶיךָ.

7 And he went and sent to Jehoshaphat the king of Judah, saying: 'The king of Moab hath rebelled against me; wilt thou go with me against Moab to battle?' And he said: 'I will go up; I am as thou art, my people as thy people, my horses as thy horses.'

and it states {II Kings 8:22}:

כב וַיִּפְשַׁע אֱדוֹם, מִתַּחַת יַד-יְהוּדָה, עַד, הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה; אָז תִּפְשַׁע לִבְנָה, בָּעֵת הַהִיא.

22 Yet Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah, unto this day. Then did Libnah revolt at the same time.

chata`im -- these are the accidental sins. And so does it state {Vayikra 4:2}:

ב דַּבֵּר אֶל-בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, לֵאמֹר--נֶפֶשׁ כִּי-תֶחֱטָא בִשְׁגָגָה מִכֹּל מִצְו‍ֹת ה, אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֵעָשֶׂינָה; וְעָשָׂה, מֵאַחַת מֵהֵנָּה.

2 Speak unto the children of Israel, saying: If any one shall sin through error, in any of the things which the LORD hath commanded not to be done, and shall do any one of them:

Now after one confessed for the deliberate sins and rebellions, would he return and confess for the accidental sins?! Rather he should say, "Oh Hashem, chatati, aviti, pashati."

And so too David states {Tehillim 106:6}:

ו חָטָאנוּ עִם-אֲבוֹתֵינוּ; הֶעֱוִינוּ הִרְשָׁעְנוּ.

6 We have sinned with our fathers, we have done iniquitously, we have dealt wickedly.

And so Shlomo states {I Kings 8:47}

מז וְהֵשִׁיבוּ, אֶל-לִבָּם, בָּאָרֶץ, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבּוּ-שָׁם; וְשָׁבוּ וְהִתְחַנְּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ, בְּאֶרֶץ שֹׁבֵיהֶם לֵאמֹר, חָטָאנוּ וְהֶעֱוִינוּ, רָשָׁעְנוּ.

47 yet if they shall bethink themselves in the land whither they are carried captive, and turn back, and make supplication unto Thee in the land of them that carried them captive, saying: We have sinned, and have done iniquitously, we have dealt wickedly;

and so too Daniel states {Daniel 9:5}:

ה חָטָאנוּ וְעָוִינוּ, והרשענו (הִרְשַׁעְנוּ) וּמָרָדְנוּ; וְסוֹר מִמִּצְו‍ֹתֶךָ, וּמִמִּשְׁפָּטֶיךָ.

5 we have sinned, and have dealt iniquitously, and have done wickedly, and have rebelled, and have turned aside from Thy commandments and from Thine ordinances;

If so, what is this that Moshe said {again choosing the likely verse in Shemot 34:7:}

ז נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לָאֲלָפִים, נֹשֵׂא עָו‍ֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה; וְנַקֵּה, לֹא יְנַקֶּה--פֹּקֵד עֲו‍ֹן אָבוֹת עַל-בָּנִים וְעַל-בְּנֵי בָנִים, עַל-שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל-רִבֵּעִים.

7 keeping mercy unto the thousandth generation, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, unto the third and unto the fourth generation.'

?

Moshe said before Hashem: Master of the Universe, when Israel sins and repents, transform for them the deliberate sins into accidental sins.

Rav Yehuda cited Rav: The halacha is like the Sages.