Rif Shabbat 31b

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31b

{Shabbat 73a}
MISHNA:
THE PRIMARY LABOURS ARE FORTY LESS ONE, [VIZ.:] SOWING, PLOUGHING, REAPING, BINDING SHEAVES, THRESHING, WINNOWING, SELECTING, GRINDING, SIFTING, KNEADING, BAKING, SHEARING WOOL, BLEACHING, HACKLING, DYEING, SPINNING, STRETCHING THE THREADS, THE MAKING OF TWO MESHES, WEAVING TWO THREADS, DIVIDING TWO THREADS, TYING [KNOTTING] AND UNTYING, SEWING TWO STITCHES, TEARING IN ORDER TO SEW TWO STITCHES, CAPTURING A DEER, SLAUGHTERING, OR FLAYING, OR SALTING IT, CURING IT {the girsa in the Mishna in our gemara: Curing its hide}, SCRAPING IT [OF ITS HAIR], CUTTING IT UP, WRITING TWO LETTERS, ERASING IN ORDER TO WRITE TWO LETTERS [OVER THE ERASURE], BUILDING, PULLING DOWN, EXTINGUISHING, KINDLING, STRIKING WITH A HAMMER, [AND] CARRYING OUT FROM ONE DOMAIN TO ANOTHER: THESE ARE THE FORTY PRIMARY LABOURS LESS ONE.

{Shabbat 73b}
Gemara:
{SOWING}
They learnt {tana}: Sowing, pruning, planting, bending { a vine for drawing it into the ground and making it grow as an independent plant} and grafting are all one labour.

Rav Yosef said: He who cuts hay is liable to two [penalties], one on account of reaping and the other on account of planting.
{The hay is cut so that new grass can grow, and thus it is a derivative of planting (i.e., sowing) too.}

Abaye said: He who trims beets [in the ground] is liable to two [penalties], one on account of reaping {because the beets he cuts constitute a harvest} and one on account of planting.
{The trimming is done to enable what is left to grow more freely, and thus it is a derivative of planting.}

{PLOUGHING}
They learnt {tana}: Ploughing, digging, and trenching are all one [form of] work.

Rav Sheshet said: If one has a mound [of earth] and removes it, in the house, he is liable on the score of building {for he thereby levels the floor, which is part of building}; if in the field, he is liable on the score of ploughing. {In our gemara's girsa, the next is attributed to Rava.} If one has a depression and fills it up: if in the house, he is liable on account of building; if in the field, he is liable on account of ploughing.

Rabbi Abba said: If one digs a pit on the Sabbath, needing only the earth thereof {but not the pit itself}, he is not culpable on its account.

And even according to Rabbi Yehuda, who maintains that one is liable on account of a labour which is not required on its own account: that is only when he effects an improvement, but this man causes damage.

{REAPING}
They learnt {tana}: Reaping, vintaging, gathering [dates], collecting [olives], and gathering [figs] are all one [form of] labour.

Rav Papa said: He who throws a clod of earth at a palm tree and dislodges dates is liable to two [penalties], one on account of detaching {that which is attached to the soil, the clod being taken up from the soil} and one on account of stripping {Rashi: the tree of a burden, namely the dates}.

Rav Ashi said: This is not the mode of detaching, nor is it the mode of stripping.
{Hence he is not liable on either score.}

We learn in perek haMatznia {Shabbat 95a}:
The Sages learnt {in a brayta}: One who milks, sets milk [for curdling], and makes cheese, in the amount of the size of a dried fig, he is liable to a sin offering.
{Compare with the girsa in the gemara there.}

And we say {there, in Shabbat 95a}: If one milks, on what score is he culpable?
He who milks is liable on account of unloading.
{the milk being unloaded from whence it is collected in the cow}
He who sets milk is liable on account of selecting.
{for the whey is thereby selected and separated from the rest of the milk which is to curdle}